Today I’d like to introduce a totally explicit combinatorial definition of the Schur functions. Let be a partition. A semistandard Young tableau
of shape
is a filling of the Young diagram of
with positive integers that are weakly increasing along rows and strictly increasing along columns. The weight of a tableau
is defined as
where
is the total number of times
appears in the tableau.
Definition 4:
where the sum is taken over all semistandard Young tableaux of shape .
As before we can readily verify that . This definition will allow us to deduce the Jacobi-Trudi identities for the Schur functions, which describe among other things the action of the fundamental involution
. Since I’m trying to emphasize how many different ways there are to define the Schur functions, I’ll call these definitions instead of propositions.
Definition 5: .
Definition 6: .
The proof
The following proof is one of the standard applications of the Lindstrom-Gessel-Viennot lemma, and like much of the other material in these posts it can be found (with accompanying diagrams) in both Sagan and Stanley.
We’ll work with , the acyclic plane, with edges going northward and eastward only. We’ll also add some points
which can be reached going northward from any finite point, and we won’t weight northward steps. But we will weight eastward steps as follows:
- In the e-weighting, each eastward step is weighted
where
is the sum of the coordinates of the destination vertex of the edge minus the sum of the coordinates of the initial vertex of the path. The weight of a path is the product of the weights of its eastward edges.
- In the h-weighting, each eastward step is weighted
where
is the difference between the
-coordinate of the destination vertex of the edge and the
-coordinate of the initial vertex of the path. Again the weight of a path is the product of the weight of its eastward edges.
Choose sources and sinks
. Then every path from
to
determines a monomial in
in the e-weighting and a monomial in
in the h-weighting, and conversely every monomial arises in this way. So by the lemma it follows that the Jacobi-Trudi determinants count non-intersecting
-paths
.
Given such a non-intersecting -path we may construct two tableaux from it: one whose columns can be read off from the e-weighting of each path which has shape
, and one whose rows can be read off from the h-weighting of each path which has shape
. The non-intersecting condition is then precisely the condition that rows are weakly increasing and columns are strictly increasing; intersections would correspond to a violation of one or both of those constraints. (This is much easier to see with the corresponding diagrams; my apologies.) So in fact one obtains SSYTs, and moreover it’s not hard to show that all SSYTs of the correct shapes are obtained in this way.
The fundamental involution
Since the fundamental involution flips
and
, it follows that
. There is a representation-theoretic interpretation of this. Recall that
and that
.
Applying the fundamental involution it follows that . We should interpret
as the sign of an
-cycle so that
. Now the identity
gives
which has an obvious interpretation: the representation must come from
by tensoring with the sign representation!
Relationship to a previous definition
We are now in a position to prove that Definition 4 is equivalent to one of the other definitions we gave earlier, namely Definition 3. We follow the proof given in Sagan, p. 164. First define to be
with all the terms containing
removed.
Lemma: Let be a composition and define the
matrices
. Then
.
Proof. This is equivalent to the collection of identities
which is in turn equivalent to
which is obvious.
The equivalence of Definition 3 and Definition 4 is a simple corollary; one just picks so that
is first
and then
, and then applies the first Jacobi-Trudi identity.
Maybe I am missing something, but it appears to me that the weightings used violate one fundamental rule for the Lindström-Gessel-Viennot lemma: the weight of an edge should be independent of the path of which that edge forms part. Without that requirement, the cancellation that proves the lemma does not work, as parts of paths are exchanged. And both the e-weighting and the h-weighting refer to the initial vertex of the path, vialting this rule.
Hum. So, the initial vertices all have the same
-coordinates, which means you can show that the h-weighting actually doesn’t depend on the choice of initial vertex. But I’ve gone back to look at how the e-weighting is described in Sagan and Sagan’s description genuinely seems to depend on the initial vertex. I’m not sure what’s going on here.
[…] finally we are back to The Jacobi-Trudi identities again. This time I did see semistandard Young tableau differs from standard ones in the way that […]
Thank you for this! I am currently learning about the Gessel-Viennot Lemma and the Jacobi-Trudi identities and these posts are great!